关键词: 骨类器官, 构建策略, 病理模型, 再生医学, 精准医疗

Abstract: With the accelerating process of global population aging, the incidence of bone-related diseases such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and bone tumors is markedly increasing, posing serious threats to public health and quality of life. Bone health therefore has been a major challenge in global public health. Traditional cell culture provides advantages of simplicity and controllability in studying cell proliferation, differentiation, and molecular mechanisms, but it lacks the three-dimensional structure and complex physiological microenvironment required to accurately mimic the architecture and functions of bone tissue in vivo. Animal models can partially reproduce physiological features, yet they are limited by species differences, restricted translational potential, and ethical concerns. Bone organoids, as a cutting-edge achievement in organoid research, are generated through the self-organization of stem cells under a three-dimensional in vitro environment, and they closely recapitulate the structure and function of bone tissue. Compared with conventional models, bone organoids not only better resemble native bone tissue in morphology and function, but also reproduce key physiological and pathological processes such as bone formation, vascularization, and immune regulation. This provides a more precise platform for investigating bone development, disease mechanisms, and therapeutic strategies. This review systematically summarizes the development and construction strategies of bone organoids, highlights their applications in disease modeling, bone defect repair, drug screening, and personalized medicine, and further discusses their potential value in precision medicine and clinical translation.